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|death_place= |spouse=(1) Josephine Foster (m. 1921-1951; her death) (2) Elizabeth Seay DeMeritte (m. 1957-1971; his death) |children=Hugo Black, Jr. Sterling Foster Black Martha Josephine Black |party=Democratic (Senate term) |alma_mater=Ashland College The Birmingham Medical College University of Alabama School of Law |branch=United States Army |rank=Captain |unit=81st Field Artillery Unit }} Hugo Lafayette Black (February 27, 1886September 25, 1971) was an American politician and jurist. A member of the Democratic Party, Black represented Alabama in the United States Senate from 1927 to 1937, and served as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1937 to 1971. Black was nominated to the Supreme Court by President Franklin D. Roosevelt and confirmed by the Senate by a vote of 63 to 16 (6 Democratic Senators and 10 Republican Senators voted against him.) He was first of nine Roosevelt nominees to the Court,〔Henry J. Abraham, ''Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court'' (1992).〕 and he outlasted all except for William O. Douglas.〔(List of Justices on the U.S. Supreme Court. )〕 Black is widely regarded as one of the most influential Supreme Court justices in the 20th century. The fifth longest-serving justice in Supreme Court history, Black is noted for his advocacy of a textualist reading of the United States Constitution and of the position that the liberties guaranteed in the Bill of Rights were imposed on the states ("incorporated") by the Fourteenth Amendment. During his political career, Black was regarded as a staunch supporter of liberal policies and civil liberties.〔(Hugo Lafayette Black, Associate Justice, US Supreme Court ). Arlingtoncemetery.net. Retrieved on 2013-08-12.〕〔() 〕 However, Black consistently opposed the doctrine of substantive due process (the anti-New Deal Supreme Court cited this concept in such a way as to make it impossible for the government to enact legislation that interfered with the freedom of business owners)〔Howard Ball, ''Hugo L. Black: Cold Steel Warrior'' (2006). pp 107-108.〕 and believed that there was no basis in the words of the Constitution for a right to privacy, voting against finding one in ''Griswold v. Connecticut''.〔Ball, pp 241-242.〕 Black endorsed Roosevelt in both the 1932 and 1936 US Presidential elections and was a staunch supporter of the New Deal.〔http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1968/3/1968_3_60.shtml〕 ==Early years== Hugo LaFayette Black was the youngest of the eight children of William Lafayette Black and Martha Toland Black. He was born on February 27, 1886, in a small wooden farmhouse in Ashland, Alabama, a poor, isolated rural Clay County town in the Appalachian foothills. Because his brother Orlando had become a medical doctor, Hugo decided at first to follow in his footsteps. At age seventeen, he left school and enrolled at Birmingham Medical School. However, it was Orlando who suggested that Hugo should enroll at the University of Alabama School of Law. After graduating in June 1906, he moved back to Ashland and established a legal practice. His legal practice was not a success, so Black moved to Birmingham in 1907 to continue his law practice, and came to specialize in labor law and personal injury cases. Following his defense of an African American forced into a form of commercial slavery following incarceration, Black was befriended by A. O. Lane, a judge connected with the case. When Lane was elected to the Birmingham City Commission in 1911, he asked Black to serve as a police court judge, an experience that would be his only judicial experience prior to the Supreme Court. In 1912, Black resigned that seat in order to return to practicing law full-time. He was not done with public service; in 1914, he began a four-year term as the Jefferson County Prosecuting Attorney. Three years later, during World War I, Black resigned in order to join the United States Army, eventually reaching the rank of captain. He served in the 81st Field Artillery, but was not assigned to Europe.〔(Federal Judicial Center. "Black, Hugo Lafayette." )〕 He joined the Birmingham Civitan Club during this time, eventually serving as president of the group. He remained an active member throughout his life, occasionally contributing articles to Civitan publications. On February 23, 1921, he married Josephine Foster (1899–1951), with whom he would have three children: Hugo L. Black, II (1922-2013), an attorney; Sterling Foster (1924-1996), and Martha Josephine (born 1933). Josephine died in 1951; in 1957, Black married Elizabeth Seay DeMeritte. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hugo Black」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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